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Chapter 3

To the Internet

Two more hosts were planned in BBN's contract with ARPA. They were connected to the ARPAnet before the end of 1969, in Utah and Santa Barbara. Bob Taylor's idea of a network of four computers was a reality. Taylor left ARPA soon afterwards, but the network continued to grow. Larry Roberts became the new boss of ARPA's computer department. He soon called Frank Heart at BBN: 'We'd like you to build more IMPs and connect more hosts to the network.' 'How many?' asked Frank Heart. 'As many as you can.' 'Really?' 'Yes,' replied Roberts. 'Every new site on the network is saving from the company's offices, many hundreds of kilometres away. But the biggest surprise was that the network was soon being used mostly for something that was never part of Bob Taylor's plan — chat. Technically, the network worked exactly as it was designed to. Yet by 1973, three-quarters of all traffic on the ARPAnet was nothing to do with sharing data or programs or logging on to distant computers. It was electronic mail - e-mail. Ray Tomlinson was the first person to send e-mail on the ARPAnet. He was an engineer at BBN and in 1972 he invented a simple program for sending files between computers. The big mainframe computers at the universities already had mail boxes for all the different people who used the machines. People could send messages to other people who used the same computer. But there was no e-mail between different computers. Tomlinson's program changed this. The software opened a connection, sent a file to another computer and then sent a message back to say that the file had arrived safely at its destination. Since the mail boxes in computers are really just files, the next step was simple. Tomlinson changed his program so that it carried a mail message from one computer and added it to a mail-box file of another machine. Since everyone on the ARPAnet already had mail boxes in their host machines, it was easy to begin sending mail to other hosts. But the speed with which e-mail spread was surprising. Almost as soon as it was introduced, it took over the network. Even today, there are more individual e-mail messages sent over the Internet than data of any other kind. Ray Tomlinson has left his mark on every single one of the billions of e-mails that have been sent since 1972. He was the person who chose the '@' sign which means 'at' in e-mail addresses. Why '@'? 'Well, at that time no one had an " @ " sign in their name,' says

Tomlinson. 'I'm not sure that that is still true, because there are a lot of strangely spelled names out there now.'

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